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The Epistles to Timothy and Titus have naturally a peculiar bearing and
character, being addressed to persons deputed by the apostle to act in his
name, or to care for the churches during his absence. Their application to
us is none the less direct on this account, because they not only instruct
us with regard to the state of the church, and the pastoral care which the
apostle bestowed on it, but the line of conduct in which Timothy is charged
to lead the faithful is that which the faithful ought always themselves to
follow. Nevertheless to confound the directions given to Timothy and Titus
with the words addressed immediately to the faithful, would be to cast
confusion upon ministry in its best sense.
A great part of this First Epistle to Timothy requires but little
development; not because it is without importance but because it contains
directions-so plain and simple that explanation would be superfluous -and
practical exhortations which would only be obscured and their force and
point taken away by attempting to enlarge upon them.
On the other hand, some general principles of great importance for the
position of the assembly in general are contained in this epistle.
God assumes here, in a peculiar way, the character of a Saviour-God with
regard to the world: a principle of great importance in all that concerns
our conversation in the world and our intercourse with men. We represent in
our religious character a God of love. This was not the case in Judaism. He
was indeed the same God; but there He took the character of a Lawgiver. All
were indeed to come to His temple according to the declaration of the
prophets, and His temple was open to them; but He did not characterise
Himself as a Saviour-God for all. In Titus we find the same expression.
In these confidential communications to his dear children in the faith and
companions in the work, we can understand that the apostle would clearly
establish the great principles on which the administration committed to him
rested. That all men were the objects of God's dealings in grace was the
general basis on which this administration was founded-that the character
of God towards the world was that of a Saviour. (Compare 2 Cor. 5) The law
has its place and it still has it, as the apostle shews-the conviction of
unrighteous men. [see note #1]
But the sovereign mercy of God was the starting-point of all that the
apostle had to declare. This thought, this spirit, was to govern the
worship even of believers. Details follow. Not withstanding this love to
the world, there was upon the earth an assembly of the living God, the
pillar and support of the truth, and the witness to it on earth.The Person
of Christ, and all that concerns Him, is the subject of its confession, the
foundation of its existence, and the object of its faith. This faith would
be assailed in the last days by the enemy, who, under the pretense of
sanctity, would set himself up against God the Creator and Preserver of all
men and of believers in particular. Directions for the walk of the assembly
compose the remainder of the epistle. Conduct suitable to all is set before
Timothy to make him, as well as ourselves, understand that which befits the
assembly of God. We will now look more closely into the contents of this
epistle.
From its commencement the apostle designates God as the Saviour-God. Paul
is the apostle of Jesus Christ by the commandment of God our Saviour. The
Lord Jesus Christ is the confidence and the hope of the soul.
We observe also that the apostle's wish differs from that which he expresses
when addressing an assembly; "Grace, mercy," he says, " and peace." He does
not say "mercy" to the assemblies, which stand before God as such, in
consequence of the mercy shewn them, and which (however low their condition
might be) are viewed as assemblies according to the nature in which they
live by the Spirit, in which there is no question Of mercy, because that
nature is itself of God. Grace and peace are that which they are to enjoy
on the part of God. But when an individual is in question, whatever his
piety or faithfulness may be, he is both flesh and spirit, his career has
yet in part at least to be provided for, having always need of mercy.
Therefore the apostle wishes it to Timothy as well as to Titus.[see note #2]
In the case of Philemon he adds " the church in thy house," and his wish
has therefore no longer the personal form. But with Timothy and Titus it is
the apostle's intimacy with his beloved fellow-labourers He knew how much
they needed mercy. It was his own resource, that which he had experienced
for the comfort of his own soul.
The special object for which Paul had left Timothy at Ephesus, when he went
into Macedonia, was that he might watch over the doctrine which was taught;
but being there, he gives him directions for the interior order of the
assembly. The evil which the enemy sought to introduce, with regard to
doctrine, had a twofold character; fables of human imagination, and the
introduction of the law into Christianity. As to the former, it was pure
evil and edified no on.e. The apostle does not here say much about it; he
fore warned them of the evil; and the faith of the assembly at Ephesus was
solid enough to allow him to treat the whole system as mere fables and
genealogies. The Spirit gave warning, that in later times it would have
more disastrous consequences; but at present there was only need to guard
the faithful from it as that which was worthless. Timothy was charged by
the apostle to attend to this.
But that which is committed to us in Christianity as service, is always,
both in its object and its character, at the height of the eternal
principles of God, and belongs to the foundation of our moral relations
with Him.
The object of Paul's mandate is the love of a pure heart, a good
conscience, and faith unfeigned, and never the subtleties of argument or of
human imagination. This is a sure token for souls that are sound in the
faith and guided by the Spirit of God. Speculative questions do not act on
the conscience, nor bring into the presence of God. Some had forsaken these
great landmarks of Christianity, turning aside to vain discussions. And
here we again find those same corrupters of Christianity, who, after having
rejected the Saviour, sowed the apostle's path with thorns-Judaising
teachers. They desired to inculcate the law. The human mind is adequate to
this.
Now we see here the way in which one who is at the height of the truth of
God can put everything in its true place. Paul treats the produce of human
imagination as mere fables; but the law was of God and could be made useful
if rightly employed. It was of great service to condemn, to judge evil, to
slay -to shew the judgment of God against every wrong thing forbidden by
the gospel which revealed the glory of the blessed God-a glory which
tolerated no evil and which had been committed to the apostle. It could be
used to act upon the conscience in this way, but it did not build up the
righteous; and, if any were under the law, they were under the curse. As a
sword for the conscience, it may be used. But grace alone is the source of
our preaching and the stay of our souls.
These two systems and their respective places are presented in verses 6-17,
which form a kind of parenthesis, the apostle resuming his address to
Timothy in verse 18. The use of the law is explained in verses 8-13. The
apostle in a certain sense lowers it here, while acknowledging its utility
in its place, as the weapon of righteousness for condemnation, and
contrasts it with thegospel which is connected with the glory of God
Himself which this gospel proclaims, as the law is connected with the
wickedness which it condemns.
Having spoken of the gospel of the glory which had been committed to him,
the apostle turns to the sovereign grace that brought him into the
knowledge of this glory which is the testimony to the accomplishment of the
work of grace.
"I give thanks," he says, " to Jesus Christ our Lord, who hath counted me
faithful, putting me into the ministry, who was before a blasphemer and
persecutor and injurious". This indeed was grace.
The apostle speaks of two things in his conversion: the one, how God could
have compassion on him in such a state-he was in ignorance; the other, the
purpose of God that the apostle should be a pattern of grace to all. That
he was in ignorance and unbelief although a condition which made mercy
possible (for had he been an enemy, knowing and willing it, while
acquainted with the grace of the gospel, it would have been impossible),
yet that condition was no excuse for his sin; he puts pure and perfect
grace forward, as having abounded in his case-he was the chief of sinners.
This indeed was true. The high priests had resisted the Holy Ghost to the
uttermost. Paul had joined them in it: but he was not satisfied with that.
He desired to be the active enemy of the faith wherever it existed, and to
destroy the name of Jesus. He had done much at Jerusalem, but he wished to
satiate his hatred even in foreign cities. We know his history in the Acts.
The living expression of Jewish resistance to grace, he was also among men
the expression of the most active human enmity to Him whom God would
glorify. Grace was greater than the sin, the patience of God more perfect
than the perseverance of man's hostility. The latter was limited by man's
importance, the former has no limit in the nature of God but that of His
own sovereign will. Guilty as man may be, his sin cannot so reach God as to
disturb the independent action of His nature or change His purposes. He was
pleased to shew forth in Paul a pattern of the sovereignty of that grace
and perfect goodness-to the Jews hereafter, who as a nation will be in
Saul's condition-to all men as the enemies of God and by nature children of
wrath. The chief, the most active, the most inveterate of enemies was the
best and most powerful of witnesses that the grace of God abounded over
sin, and that the work of Christ was perfect to put it away.
" Unto God "-being such in His nature, and having the development of all
the ages in His counsels- "unto the only God, invisible, incorruptible," he
ascribes all praise and all glory. Such was the foundation of Paul's
ministry in contrast with the law. It was founded on the revelation of
grace; but it was a revelation connected with the experience of its
application to his own case. Peter, guilty of denying a living Saviour,
could speak to the Jews of grace that met their case, which was his own;
Paul, formerly the enemy of a glorified Saviour and the resister of the
Holy Ghost, could proclaim grace that rose above even that state of
sinfulness, above all that could flow from human nature-grace that opened
the door to the Gentiles according to God's own counsels, when the Jews had
rejected everything, substituting the heavenly assembly for them-grace that
sufficed for the future admission of that guilty nation to better
privileges than those which they had forfeited.
Such was the call of this apostle, such his ministry. Having shewn the
opposition between that which was committed to him and the law (while
affirming the usefulness of the latter, not as a rule to the righteous or a
guide to God's people, but as judging wrong), he resumes his address to
Timothy in that which refers to the details of his mission among the
Ephesians.
At the end of chapter 1 he commits the charge to him-sends him his mandate.
The term he employs relates to verses 3 and 5. He had left Timothy at
Ephesus in order to command some persons there not to teach other doctrines
than the truths of the gospel. Now the end of the command, of this
evangelical commission, was love flowing from a pure heart and a good
conscience and faith unfeigned. For the gospel, while revealing the
marvelous counsels of God, maintains the great eternal principles of His
nature. It is this which distinguishes truth from the lofty pretensions of
heretical imaginations; it requires that man should be in relationship with
God really in heart and in truth according to those principles. And this
commission the apostle now entrusted to Timothy, his own son in the faith.
He was to maintain it with an authority that had its basis in divine
testimony but which he held formally from the apostle who appointed him to
it; not merely of his own accord, but according to prophecies which had
pointed him out for this purpose, and which were a means of strength to him
in the conflict he was thus brought into. The conditions of victory were in
accordance with the nature of the commission. He was to keep the faith and
a good conscience. Now faith here is the doctrine of Christianity; yet not
merely as doctrine, but as that which the soul held between itself and God
as coming from Him. He had to maintain the truth, the christian doctrine,
but to hold it as so revealed by God Himself to the soul that it should be
the truth. The light should possess, with well-defined outlines, the
authority of God.
It was the faith, that which God had revealed, received with certainty as
such-as the truth.
But, to be in communion with God, the conscience must be good, must be
pure; and if we are not in communion with God, we cannot have the strength
that would maintain us in the faith, that would enable us to persevere in
the profession of the truth, as God gives it to us. Satan has then a hold
upon us, and if the intellect of one in this state is active, he falls into
heresy. The loss of a good conscience opens the door to Satan, because it
deprives us of communion with God; and the active mind, under Satan's
influence, invents ideas instead of confessing the truth of God. The
apostle treats the fruit of this state as "blasphemies;" the will of man is
at work, and the higher the subject, the more an unbridled will, possessed
by the enemy, goes astray, and exalts itself against God, and against the
subjection of the whole mind to the obedience of Christ, to the authority
of the revelation of God.
The apostle had delivered up two persons of this character to Satan-that is
to say, outwardly. Though already deceived by him, they were not under his
dominion as having power to torment and make them suffer. For in the
assembly (when in its normal state) Satan has no power of that kind. It is
guarded from it, being the dwelling place of the Holy Ghost and protected
by God and by the power of Christ. Satan can tempt us individually; but he
has no right over the members of the assembly as such. They are within,
and, weak as they may be, Satan cannot enter there. They may be delivered
to him for their good. This may take place at all times-witness the history
of Job. But the assembly ought to have the knowledge, and be the guardian
and instrument, of the accomplishment of the dealings of God with His own.
Within the assembly is the Holy Ghost; God dwells in it as His house by the
Spirit. Without is the world of which Satan is the prince. The apostle (by
the power bestowed on him, [see note #3] for
it Is an act of positive power) delivered these two men into the power of
the enemy-deprived them of the shelter they had enjoyed. They had listened
to the enemy- had been his instruments. It was not in the assembly, with
members of Christ, that this should have taken place. They must be made to
feel what he was to whom they had given ear. God thus made use of Satan
himself as a rod for the good of His rebellious children. Satan should
instruct them, through the pains he would make them suffer, of whatever
kind it might be, whether anguish of soul or of body, and the latter is the
immediate effect, in order that their will might be broken and brought into
subjection to God. Solemn discipline! Marvelous power in the hands of man!
but a proof that the love of God can order all things for the purpose of
delivering a soul and bringing it to Himself.
